Frail and in a wheelchair from prolonged hunger strike, 37-year-old former lawyer Zhang Zhan issued a mostly silent rebuke to the Chinese legal system, before being jailed for publishing stories about the pandemic that China does not want to be told.
Zhang started reporting from Wuhan in February, questioning the lockdown of the city, access to virus testing and hospital capacity. Her videos also captured the aggression of Chinese authorities when confronted by a woman filming on her smartphone.
Her reports provided rare, unvarnished glimpses from the virus epicentre during the first months of the outbreak, in a country where sharing information unsanctioned by authorities is a perilous pursuit.
The coronavirus would soon seep across the world and blame would be heaped on China for failing to act early enough on it.
Beijing then began work sculpting a neater narrative, extolling China's Communist leadership for bringing an unprecedented public health crisis under control.
Like the three other citizen journalists who also travelled to Wuhan during the early stages of the outbreak, Zhang's reporting threatened to expose gaps in that storyline.
In one of her videos, she mentioned being under tight surveillance. Her videos and social media posts — many on Twitter and YouTube, platforms blocked in China — suddenly ended when she was detained by authorities in May.
Then on Monday, after seven months in detention, she was jailed by a Shanghai court for four years for "picking quarrels and provoking trouble".
– 'Rebellious soul' –
Shortly before her detention, she had been trying to campaign for the grieving relatives of virus victims, who were seeking compensation — a sensitive topic for Chinese authorities.
"Zhang Zhan wanted to help ordinary Wuhan people. She wanted to understand their sufferings and let the wider world know," said her lawyer Zhang Keke, also from Wuhan.
He was repeatedly hassled by authorities to drop her case and not to agree to foreign media interviews.
Zhang was the first of the citizen journalists known to face legal proceedings for her activities, which prosecutors deemed "fabricating lies and spreading false information".
They were all eventually detained.
"I warned her about going to Wuhan when everyone else was trying to leave," said her friend and fellow lawyer Li Dawei.
"She is a staunch Christian and said it was God's will — she had to do this and tell everyone the truth."
The others — Fang Bin, Chen Qiushi and Li Zehua — have now stopped speaking out altogether. Chen and Li have reportedly returned home, while Fang's whereabouts are unknown.
In a short documentary filmed before her arrest and released after her sentencing, Zhang said an online post from a Wuhan resident motivated her to travel there in search of the truth about the outbreak.
"He said he felt like he was left there to die, I was very touched by what he wrote," she told the anonymous filmmaker, who released the film on the website China Change.
"Maybe I have a rebellious soul."
– 'The tragedy of Wuhan' –
Zhang spoke little during the trial, an act of protest, her lawyers said, against the legal process and China's restrictions on free speech.
Defence counsel Zhang Keke said his client even refused to answer a judge who asked her to confirm her identity to the court.
The lawyer told AFP: "When he asked why, she replied, 'If you think I'm fabricating lies, then when I reply to your questions does that not count as fabricating lies too?'"
Her mother sobbed loudly in court as the sentence was read but Zhang was unmoved, lawyers said.
Foreign reporters and diplomats were not allowed in to observe proceedings, which concluded within three hours.
But she maintains her innocence and is likely to appeal if given the chance, her lawyers said.
She has also been on a hunger strike in protest, which has ravaged her health since her detention.
Zhang Keke said she is force-fed via a nasal tube, and has had her hands and feet restrained for long periods. As a result, she suffers chronic headaches, fatigue and stomach pain, he added.
"Perhaps her determination to resist will continue until the very end," he said.
Zhang's observations of daily life in Wuhan — businesses struggling to recover, grieving relatives, run-ins with the police — did not have a huge online impact, but they attracted the attention of Chinese authorities nonetheless.
Her videos also betrayed a wider discontent with China's system of authoritarian governance.
"The main way of governing the city relies on threats and intimidation," she said in one YouTube video filmed in May.
"This is the tragedy of China, of Wuhan."
Chinese citizen journalist jailed for Wuhan virus reporting
Shanghai (AFP) Dec 28, 2020 –
A Chinese citizen journalist was jailed for four years Monday for her reporting from Wuhan as the Covid-19 outbreak began, her lawyer said, almost a year after details of an "unknown viral pneumonia" surfaced in the central China city.
Zhang Zhan, a former lawyer who arrived at court in a wheelchair, was sentenced at a brief hearing in a Shanghai court for allegedly "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" during her reporting in the chaotic initial stages of the outbreak.
Her live reports and essays were shared on social media platforms in February, grabbing the attention of authorities, who have punished eight virus whistleblowers so far as they curb criticism of the government's response to the outbreak.
Beijing has congratulated itself for "extraordinary" success in controlling the virus inside its borders, with an economy on the rebound while much of the rest of the world stutters through painful lockdowns and surging caseloads a year on from the start of the pandemic in Wuhan.
Controlling the information flow during an unprecedented global health crisis has been pivotal in allowing China's communist authorities to reframe the narrative in their favour, with President Xi Jinping being garlanded for his leadership by the country's ruling party.
But that has come at a serious cost to anyone who has picked holes in the official storyline.
The court said Zhang Zhan had spread "false remarks" online, according to one of her lawyers Zhang Keke, but the prosecution did not fully divulge its evidence in court.
"We had no way of understanding what exactly Zhang Zhan was accused of doing," he added, describing it as "a speedy, rushed hearing."
In return the defendant "didn't respond [to questions]… She refused to answer when the judge asked her to confirm her identity."
The defendant's mother sobbed loudly as the verdict was read out, Ren Quanniu, another member of Zhang's defence team, told reporters who were barred from entering the court.
Concerns are mounting over the health of 37-year-old Zhang, who began a hunger strike in June and has been force-fed via a nasal tube.
Her legal team said her health was in decline and she suffered from headaches, dizziness and stomach pain, and that she had appeared in court in a wheelchair.
"She said when I visited her (last week): 'If they give me a heavy sentence then I will refuse food until the very end.'… She thinks she will die in prison," Ren said before the trial.
"It's an extreme method of protesting against this society and this environment."
China's communist authorities have a history of putting dissidents on trial in opaque courts between Christmas and New Year in an effort to minimise Western scrutiny.
– Example made –
The sentencing comes just weeks before an international team of World Health Organization experts is expected to arrive in China to investigate the origins of Covid-19.
Zhang was critical of the early response in Wuhan, writing in a February essay that the government "didn't give people enough information, then simply locked down the city".
"This is a great violation of human rights," she wrote.
Rights groups and embassies have also drawn attention to her case, although diplomats from several countries were denied requests to monitor the hearing.
"Zhang Zhan's case raises serious concerns about media freedom in China," the British embassy in Beijing said, urging "China to release all those detained for their reporting."
Authorities "want to use her case as an example to scare off other dissidents from raising questions about the pandemic situation in Wuhan earlier this year", added Leo Lan, research and advocacy consultant at the Chinese Human Rights Defenders NGO.
A United Nations official following the trial also expressed "deep concern" about the verdict.
"We raised her case with the authorities throughout 2020 as an example of the excessive clampdown on freedom of expression linked to #COVID19 & continue to call for her release," the office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said in a tweet.
Zhang is the first of a group of four citizen journalists detained by authorities after reporting from Wuhan to face trial.
Previous attempts by AFP to contact the other three — Chen Qiushi, Fang Bin and Li Zehua — were unsuccessful.
