According to the 1958 law that established NASA, where the first "A" in NASA stands for aeronautics, the agency is charged with solving the problems of flight within the atmosphere.

But the law doesn't say which planet's atmosphere.

In that spirit, when the decision was made to add a small helicopter to the Mars 2020 rover mission to the Red Planet, experts at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California looked to the agency's finest aeronautical innovators on this planet for help.

"Flying a heavier-than-air vehicle within Mars' thin atmosphere has never been done before, and we're excited our aeronautics experts could help with this important space mission" said Susan Gorton, NASA's manager for the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology (RVLT) project.

This first Mars Helicopter will serve as a technology demonstrator that, if successful, will enable future scientists to remotely explore regions of the planet's surface far from its mothership's landing site.

"The Mars Helicopter's initial flight will represent that planet's version of the Wright Brothers' achievement at Kitty Hawk and the opening of a new era," Gorton said. "For those of us whose research revolves around all things related to flight, that would be a remarkable, historic moment."

Still, there are no guarantees.

Cleared for Take Off
The problems facing the Mars Helicopter design team were and are daunting. The vehicle must fly in Mars' thin atmosphere, survive brutally cold nights, and operate essentially on its own since it's millions of miles from the nearest pilot on Earth.

Nevertheless, the engineers at JPL came up with a design that can deal with those concerns, and more.

For example, take the Martian atmosphere. At the surface where the Mars 2020 rover is targeted to land, the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to about 100,000 feet above the Earth's surface. No helicopter has ever reached even half that distance above Earth.

Yet the Mars Helicopter will be able to fly as high as about 15 feet above the Red Planet thanks to its two sets of rotor blades - each four feet long, tip-to-tip - spinning at 2,400 rotations per minute, which is about 10 times faster than an Earth helicopter.

The smallness of the main helicopter body helps too. It's only about the size of a softball and will weigh just under four pounds.

The plan at Mars is to attempt up to five flights, each one flying just a little farther and each lasting up to 90 seconds. A solar array on the top of the vehicle will recharge the batteries, which will be used both to rotate the blades and to keep the vehicle warm, especially at night.

And while just the act of flying the helicopter at Mars is the main goal, a small camera nearly identical in capability to the average smart phone will take pictures of the surface below for transmission back to Earth.

A Little Help
It was just after the overall Mars Helicopter concept was defined that JPL sought out the experts at NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia and Ames Research Center in California to help refine and test the vehicle's design and operation.

"When JPL asked for our expertise, we put together a small but very effective team to help them with configuration, sizing and aerodynamic performance; along with testing and simulation work," Gorton said.

To do this the team used some of its workhorse computer tools to characterize and better understand how well the Mars Helicopter would fly in the Red Planet's atmosphere. These included codes used to analyze conceptual design and vehicle sizing called the NASA Design and Analysis of Rotorcraft tool, as well as a more detailed computational fluid dynamics analysis tool known as OVERFLOW.

Their work began in late 2013 and has continued to the present, Gorton said, noting that even during the recent government shutdown, one of the RVLT research engineers was called to duty to help assess the data from a round of final testing.

"When a vehicle goes to Mars it's going to have to operate autonomously. When it gets there the whole control system and everything that makes it fly must be tuned so that it can fly on its own, which this final round of testing addressed," Gorton said.

Back on Earth
Although not directly linked to the Mars Helicopter in terms of the technology used, the work NASA Aeronautics is doing with Urban Air Mobility (UAM) also requires many of the same kind of autonomous operational considerations, Gorton said.

One of the most important elements required for UAM to work is for the unmanned vehicle - whether it is carrying cargo or passengers in or around a large city - to be able to make immediate decisions on its own when something unexpected happens.

That could be correcting for a sudden wind shear as it flies between buildings, maneuvering away from another vehicle flying too close, or detecting a technical problem requiring a safe landing as soon as possible.

While the Mars Helicopter isn't expected to run into any other vehicles flying about, a technical problem or unpredicted change in atmospheric conditions could require the vehicle to immediately cut power and gently drop to the surface.

"That's what autonomous operations is all about," Gorton said.

Looking to the future, if the Mars Helicopter works as planned, JPL scientists say future missions to the Red Planet could carry and deploy even more helicopters to extend the scientific reach of the landers they arrived on.

Should that happen, and the skies of Mars start to get a little busy with autonomous helicopters flying about, parts of a drone-related traffic management system descended from work being done today by NASA Aeronautics also could find a home on the Red Planet.

"Whatever the future holds for flight in our atmosphere, the skies above Mars, or over any other planet that's out there, we're ready to share the skills and expertise we've gained over decades of aeronautics research," Gorton said.

Related Links
Mars 2020 rover mission
Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com
Lunar Dreams and more

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NASA plans to send mini-helicopter to Mars
Tampa (AFP) May 11, 2018
The US space agency said Friday it plans to launch the first-ever helicopter to Mars in 2020, a miniature, unmanned drone-like chopper that could boost our understanding of the Red Planet. Known simply as "The Mars Helicopter," the device weighs less than four pounds (1.8 kilograms), and its main body section, or fuselage, is about the size of a softball. It will be attached to the belly pan of the Mars 2020 rover, a wheeled robot that aims to determine the habitability of the Martian environmen ... read more